Examples&Exercises:

• Kernel and module compilation.
• insmod, modprobe, lsmod, rmmod.
• Analyze the code and output.

1. Kernel and module compilation; http://wee.cankaya.edu.tr/tools/linux-2.6.20.7.tar.gz linux-2.6.20.7.tar.gz
   • Download the kernel code.
   • Extract it to the directory /usr/src
   • Create the symbolic link linux to the kernel directory
   • $make~ menuconfig$ (optional; study tke kernel internals)
   • $make~ bzImage$
   • $make~ modules$
   • $make~ modules\_install$
2. Studying hello module; http://siber.cankaya.edu.tr/SystemsProgramming/cfiles/Makefile.lab8 Makefile, http://siber.cankaya.edu.tr/SystemsProgramming/cfiles/hello hello.c
   • Study and analyze the codes, outputs.
   • $make$
   • $insmod~ (or~ modprobe)$
   • $lsmod$
   • $rmmod$
3. Scull (Simple Character Utility for Loading Localities);
   • Scull is a char driver that acts on a memory area as though it were a device.
   • The advantage of scull is that it isn't hardware dependent. scull just acts on some memory, allocated from the kernel.
   • Anyone can compile and run scull, and scull is portable across the computer architectures on which Linux runs.
   • On the other hand, the device doesn't do anything "useful" other than demonstrate the interface between the kernel and char drivers and allow the user to run some tests.
   http://siber.cankaya.edu.tr/SystemsProgramming/cfiles/lddexamples.tgz lddexamples.tgz
   • Download the code.
   • Study and analyze only the scull codes.